Advanced diagnostics
biopsy diagnostic methods
Fine needle biopsy
Fine needle biopsy is a minimally invasive method that provides vital information about a newly discovered mass before surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
The primary objective of fine needle biopsy is to guide staging diagnosis and preoperative planning.
The accuracy of fine needle biopsy depends on various parameters, including the type and location of the tumor and the degree of inflammation present. Imaging diagnostic methods such as ultrasound or CT can assist in precisely guiding the sampling procedure, increasing the likelihood of obtaining a diagnostic sample.
Fine needle biopsy aims to differentiate between inflammatory and neoplastic processes and, in the case of a tumor, to determine whether the cancer is malignant or benign. Very often, fine needle biopsy, commonly considered a preliminary orientation diagnostic method, is followed by surgical biopsy of the lesion and histopathological analysis of the sample.
Endoscopic biopsy
A biopsy performed with an endoscope is known as an endoscopic biopsy. An endoscope is a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at one end, which allows visualization and examination of the interior of certain organs or cavities in the body.
Endoscopic biopsies are commonly used to obtain tissue samples for diagnostic purposes without the need for more invasive surgical procedures. The camera on the endoscope transmits images in real time to the monitor, which allows us to visualize the internal structures. Once the target area is identified, small instruments such as forceps or a biopsy needle are lowered through channels in the endoscope.
Tissue samples are taken directly from the suspicious or abnormal area. The collected tissue samples are obtained through the endoscope and sent to the pathology laboratory for analysis.
Endoscopic biopsies are typically performed for various purposes depending on the location of the suspected abnormality. Endoscopic biopsies are most commonly performed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum), colonoscopy (examination of the colon and rectum), bronchoscopy (examination of the airways and lungs), and cystoscopy (examination of the urinary bladder and urethra). opravljajo tekom ezofagogastroduodenoskopije (pregled požiralnika, želodca in dvanajstnika), kolonoskopije (pregled debelega črevesa in danke), bronhoskopije (pregled dihalnih poti in pljuč) in cistoskopije (pregled sečnega mehurja in sečnice).
Endoscopic biopsies are generally considered less invasive compared to surgical biopsies; however, the choice of biopsy type always depends on the patient's clinical presentation and the location of the pathological process.
Surgical biopsy
This type of biopsy is often performed by a surgeon in the operating room and may involve various techniques, depending on the location and nature of the sampled tissue.
In an incisional biopsy, only a portion of the abnormal tissue is removed, usually when it's unsafe or impractical to remove the entire mass. The objective of an incisional biopsy is to acquire a representative sample for diagnostic purposes.
An excisional biopsy enables the complete removal of abnormal tissue or a mass, particularly when the lesion is small and achieving both diagnosis and treatment objectives is essential. Following the biopsy, the excised tissue undergoes detailed analysis by a pathologist in the pathology laboratory. The biopsy findings help ascertain the tissue's nature, whether benign or malignant, and play a crucial role in formulating an appropriate treatment strategy.
CT-guided biopsy
CT-guided biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of abnormal tissue is obtained from a specific area of the body using computed tomography (CT) guidance.
This technique is commonly employed when the target tissue is not easily accessible or visible without imaging assistance. A thin biopsy needle is inserted through the skin and advanced into the target tissue or lesion under CT guidance. Real-time imaging is used to ensure accurate needle placement. Once the needle is in the correct position, a small tissue sample is taken. To improve diagnostic accuracy, multiple samples can be taken from different angles or locations.
CT-guided biopsies are less invasive than open surgical biopsies and allow for quicker recovery time. They are commonly used to diagnose lung nodules, abdominal masses, bone lesions, and soft tissue abnormalities.
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